A Historical Overview of Low-Carbon Energy Consumption in the USA, Russia, China, and Japan

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive summary of the historical trajectories of low-carbon energy consumption in four major global economies the United States, Russia, China, and Japan from 1965 to 2022. Tracking the evolution of these nations' approaches to low-carbon energy is crucial for understanding their contributions to global sustainability goals and the diverse strategies employed in response to changing energy landscapes. In this study, future predictions were made regarding the lowcarbon energy consumption of United States, Russia, China, and Japan between 1965-2022 with the help of R-based Auto.Arima, TBATS, ETS and THETAF statistical models. Prediction results were evaluated with the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) metric.