Evolution of Low-Carbon Energy Consumption in Türkiye, United Kingdom, and France: A Historical Perspective

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive summary of the historical development of low-carbon energy consumption in Türkiye, United Kingdom, and France, spanning from the past to the present. The transition to low-carbon energy sources is a crucial aspect of global efforts to mitigate climate change, and understanding the trajectories of these three nations offers valuable insights into regional variations and policy influences. In this study, future predictions were made regarding the low-carbon energy consumption of Türkiye, United Kingdom and France between 1965-2022 with the help of R-based Auto.Arima, TBATS, ETS and HOLT statistical models. Prediction results were evaluated with the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) metric.