Analyzing Shrinkage in 4D Printing: A Parametric Exploration for Optimal Combinations

Abstract

In the burgeoning field of 4D printing, this study delves into the critical parameters influencing heat-induced shrinkage to optimize shape transformation. Utilizing a hobbyist FDM-based 3D printer, samples were fabricated using thermoplastic PLA filament, with meticulous control over key parameters such as activation temperature, bed temperature, nozzle temperature, and printing speed. Results underscored an 100°C activation temperature as optimal, consistently yielding pronounced and controlled shrinkage. Additionally, a bed temperature of 30°C, nozzle temperature of 185°C, and a printing speed of 90 mm/s emerged as pivotal settings for achieving desirable outcomes. These findings provide a comprehensive roadmap for researchers and practitioners, offering insights to refine 4D printing processes and enhance control over shape transformation. By strategically selecting and optimizing these parameters, the study paves the way for advancements in precision, repeatability, and versatility in 4D printing applications. As the technology continues to evolve, these insights contribute significantly to shaping the future landscape of additive manufacturing, fostering innovation and opening new avenues for dynamic, shape-shifting structures with enhanced functionality.